Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by reinforcement or punishment.

Reinforcement strengthens behavior by providing rewards or positive consequences after a behavior is performed.

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior until the behavior is performed correctly.

Cognitive learning focuses on understanding, knowing, and applying information through mental processes such as thinking and memory.

Observational learning is learning by watching others perform behaviors and imitating those behaviors.

Memory allows individuals to retain and retrieve information, which is essential for learning new concepts and skills.

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes, which can influence behavior.

Emotions can affect cognitive processes like attention, memory, and decision-making, influencing how information is processed and recalled.